AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY, IMPACT, & CULTURE

Updated July 19, 2003

THE STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
The History of Jim Crow - segregation from the 1870s-1950s.
National Civil Rights Museum 
  Virtual Tour of the National Civil Rights Museum
CivilRights.org 
  USM Oral History Civil Rights Documentation Project 
  Progress of a People: Introduction 
  Progress of a People: Segregation and Violence 
  Progress of a People: Solving the Race Problem 
     Civil Rights in an Uncivil Society 
  The Modern Civil Rights Movement  
  A Civil Rights Sojourn 
  “The Eruption of Tulsa”: An NAACP Official Investigates the Tulsa Race Riots
  American Experience | Scottsboro: An American Tragedy 
African American Journey: The Modern Civil Rights Movement
     Powerful Days: The Civil Rights Photography of Charles Moore 
   Early Civil Rights Struggles: Introduction
Rosa Parks
THE MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT PAGE 
The Civil Rights Movement 1955-1965: Introduction 
  Medgar Evers 
School Integration: Introduction
School Integration in Little Rock, Arkansas: Introduction
School Desegregation and Prejudice in the United States 
  School Integration in Boston: Introduction  
  Brown vs. Board of Education: An Interactive Experience
The Battle for Ole Miss
RECENT CHANGES IN SCHOOL DESEGREGATION 
  Sweatt v. Painter Archive 
Civil Rights Movement 1955-1965: Freedom Rides 
The Freedom Rides
History of the bombing of the Sixteenth Baptist Church in September 1963 
  Desegregation of the Armed Forces - more info below in the Military section. 
  African American Leaders Since 1945
  Civil Rights Organizations since 1945 
   Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC) 
  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 
  Black Muslims 
  Protest and Civil Unrest 
  Civil Rights Laws and Legislation Since 1945 
   Welcome to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project
USA: Luthers dreamspeech 
LIFE Classic Images: MLK 
  Martin Luther King, Jr. Day/Black History Month 
Rev Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Links
  Selma to Montgomery, 30 Years Later 
Malcolm X Page
  Malcolm X - Interview by Alex Haley 
   Black Panther Party 
  Black Panther Party Political Art - African-American History Through the Arts 
  FBI - Freedom of Information Act - Black Panther Party 
Dynamics of Idealism: Volunteers for Civil Rights
The Rosewood Massacre - The Movies Meet Life - African-American History 
The Mississippi Burning Trial: United States vs. Cecil price et al. (1967)
A New Look at the 'Mississippi Burning' Murders? 
  Mississippi's Burning - Mississippi Burning - JURIST - The "Mississippi Burning" Trial 
Stokely Carmichael, Rights Leader Who Coined 'Black Power' 
DPLS Archive: Urban Racial Disorders, 1961-1968
BACKGROUND BRIEFING - Race Riots 
SONGS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
The Marcus Garvey & UNIA Papers Project, UCLA
Marcus Garvey 
  American Experience | Marcus Garvey 
  Photographs of Signs Enforcing Racial Discrimination: Documentation 
   PBS ALS - Racial Legacies and Learning 
AAD Project: History of Affirmative Action 
AFRICAN AMERICAN MURDERED BY WHITE SUPREMACISTS IN JASPER, TEXAS   
  "Breaking Racial Barriers": Portraits from the National Gallery of Art
  KAM The Black Holocaust 
We Shall Overcome; Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement 
  ADL Hate Crimes Main Page - Relations of Race - Race Relations in the United States 
The Papers of W.E.B. DuBois, 1877-1965 and Frederick Douglass (American Memory, Library of Congress) - For more info on civil rights struggles of the 19th century, please visit my Reconstruction and the Lost Cause page. 

SHAME OF SHAMES...THE TUSKEGEE STUDY
  TIMELINE: Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Tuskegee Syphilis Study -- Health Sciences Library, UB Libraries
The Troubling Legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study
CDC Tuskegee Syphilis Study Page
Internet Resources on The Tuskegee Study
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
Online News Hour: Tuskegee Experiment - Apology 65 Years Too Late

AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE SCIENCES
The Faces of Science: African Americans in the Sciences.
The History of Black Inventors
African-American Inventors Database
Encyclopedia Smithsonian: African American Inventors
African-american (BLACK) Inventors Series: Special Mention
African-American Inventor Series
Blacks in Technology: Past and Present
COLOR: History of Mathemathics in Africa
Benjamin Banneker's Life
BENJAMIN BANNEKER 1731-1806 - Mathematicians of the African Diaspora
Who Invented Peanut Butter, George Washington Carver - Inventors
The Papers of George Washington Carver, 1864-1943
Garrett A. Morgan
Garrett Augustus Morgan: Traffic Engineer
Madame C.J.Walker (Sarah Breedlove McWilliams Walker): Inventor, Businesswoman

AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE ARTS
General Sites
I'll Make Me A World - African Americans in the Arts! 
  African-American History Through the Arts
African-Americans, Art, and the Twentieth-Century

Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance: An Introduction 
The Harlem Renaissance
Harlem: Mecca of the New Negro 
  Harlem Renaissance
WELCOME to the Schomburg Exhibition, Harlem 1900-1940
Harlem 1900-1940: Schomburg Exhibit Timeline 
great day in harlem - JAZZ! For more on Jazz, Rap, Soul, check out my Music page.
For more info, please visit my 20th Century America page.

Music
African Genesis Presents: African American Music  
  Heart and Souls: Celebration of African American Music
  The American Experience | The Jubilee Singers 
  Twenty-One Negro Spirituals 
  AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSIC 
  Jass.com: African-American Music 1895-1920
great day in harlem - JAZZ!   
Marian Anderson: A Life in Song
Paul Robeson Timeline 
Ellington Tour Preview 
Dean Dixon -- Biography of a Black American Conductor
Black Voices
What is Gospel? 
“It’s a long John”: Traditional African-American Work Songs 
   “Sadie’s Servant Room Blues”: 1920s Domestic Work in Song 
For more info, please visit my Music and Rock, Jazz, Blues, Folk, Swing pages.

Literature
VoS - Voice of the Shuttle - Minority Literature
Voices From the Gaps: Women Writers of Color
Voices From the Gaps: Writers by Name
Voices From the Gaps: Writers by Significant Dates  
  African American Literature - Earliest Works 
  Literary Legacy of Slavery 
  Harlem Renaissance 
  Writers of the Civil Rights Era 
  African American Literature in the Late 1900s 
  African American Literature Web Sites 
  The Book of American Negro Poetry - James Weldon Johnson
African American Literature: A Contrast Between North & South 
For more info, please visit my Literature and Drama page.

Art
National Museum of African Art 
  ARTNOIR' SHOWCASE AFRICAN/AMERICAN ART HISTORY 101 
  BLACK ART — ANCESTRAL LEGACY
  Henry Ossawa Tanner 
  Henry Ossawa Tanner on the Internet  
  IHAS: Artist/Movement/Ideas - Tanner 
Breaking Racial Barriers: Portraits from the National Gallery of Art
Traditional African Art - African-American History Through the Arts 
African-American Folk Art 
  Harriet Powers - African American Quilter 
African-Americans and Photography - African-American History 
For more info, please visit my Art & Galleries page.

Dance
The School of Dance Theatre of Harlem
Arthur Hall and Black Dance in America
For more info on the history of dance, visit my Television & Misc. Fine Arts page.

Film
African-Americans and the Cinema
For more on Black Cinema, please visit my Motion Pictures, Movies, Film page.

AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE MILITARY
CURRENT ENLISTMENT STATS OF MINORITIES IN UNIFORM
AFRICAN AMERICAN MILITARY HISTORY 
  AFRICAN-AMERICANS IN MILITARY HISTORY
  African American Freedom Fighters: Soldiers for Liberty 
African American Warriors 
The Buffalo Soldiers on the Western Frontier - Portraits in Black- The Buffalo Soldiers - BUFFALO SOLDIERS/MESCALERO APACHES - Texas Buffalo Soldiers Overview
Texas Buffalo Soldiers Table of Contents - The Area Of The Buffalo Soldiers - Buffalo Soldiers - Buffalo Soldier - The Buffalo Soldiers 
Hell Fighters : African American Soldiers in World War I
  Choctaw Code Talkers of World War I  
  African American Odyssey: World War I and Postwar Society 
  World War II: New Roles for Minorities 
  Minority Groups in World War II
Gallery of African-American Men in Armed Services: WWI & II 
  The Truman Administration and the Desegregation of the Armed Forces 
  Truman Library - Executive Order 9981 
  Tuskegee Airmen Inc. - Tuskegee Airmen - Tuskegee Airmen of World War II - Tuskegee Airmen 
  Employment of Negro Troops in WWII 
  World War II Black Medal of Honor Recipients 
  Integration of the Armed Forces 
  Desegregation of the Armed Forces 
  LEST WE FORGET 
For more info on specific military engagements, check out the following pages from my site: Military History, Info, Stats, American Revolution, African Americans During the Civil War, World War I, World War II, and Cold War - Korea - Vietnam - Desert Storm - Enduring Freedom.

.....IN SPORTS
Black Baseball's Negro Baseball Leagues
Shadowball: Recalling the Negro Leagues
Shadowball: The Gentlemen's Agreement
The Official Jesse Owens Web Site
African Americans Integrate Sports
ARTHUR ASHE
For much more, check out my History of Sports & Entertainment page.

HMMM.....YUMMY
Stamp of Black History: Cooking African American Style
African American Cooking and Recipes - Southern U.S. Cuisine Net Links
SOUL FOOD - A HISTORY OF SOUL FOOD
Soul Food Cookbook On-Line, Soul Food Recipes
For more recipes and info on food, check out my FOOD IN HISTORY & AROUND THE WORLD page.

AFRICAN AMERICAN GENEALOGY
AfriGeneas ~ African Ancestored Genealogy
THE AFRICAN-NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY & GENEALOGY WEBPAGE
African American Cemeteries Online
African American Cemeteries Online - Texas
History of African-American Cemeteries in South Carolina
For more, check out the Genealogy section on my People: Biographies & Genealogy page.

VARIOUS MISC. TOPICS
African-American Women - On-line Archival Exhibits at Duke University
Early African New York 
PEOPLE OF COLOR ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER - Biographical Sketches of Black Pioneers and Settlers in the Northwest - TIMELINE: Black History in the Pacific Northwest - BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY ON THE AFRICAN AMERICAN WEST - For more, please visit the WILD WEST section on my 19th Century America page. 
African American Pamphlets Home Page 
blackhistory.html - Pullman Porters 
George Pullman 
Homecoming - Chronicle of African-American Farming and Land Loss - For more on the impact of the Great Depression on African Americans, please visit my 20th Century America page.
The Papers of W.E.B. DuBois, 1877-1965
The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords - History of the African American press in the U.S. 
   Gender & Race and Ethnicity in Media
  Alabama Black History 
   HarlemLive®: Harlem News Publication
  California Newsreel: Video on Africa, African American life
     MelaNet®: Kwanzaa Information Center 
     Trials of the Trail: African-American Cowboy Will Crittendon 
  Home on the Range: Richard Phillips