Ancient Rome

MYTH & THE FOUNDING OF ROME
The Seven Hills of Rome 
  The Origins of Rome 
  Romulus and Remus
  Founding of Rome
The Aeneid of Virgil - Caesar Augustus' attempt at the beginning of the Empire to link Roman might with a direct lineage to the Bronze Age Greeks and Greek Mythology.  That is why most Roman gods are the same except for name changes, such as Aphrodite = Venus.  Also, if Caesar could prove direct descendancy for the gods, therefore he should also be considered a god. 

THE ETRUSCANS & THE BEGINNINGS OF ROME
Italy: Its Geography and Climate 
  Rome: The Etruscans
MAP: The Etruscans, 530 BC
  The Mysterious Etruscans - Pre-Roman Civilisation in Italy 
   Early Roman Civilization, 753-509BC
  Etruscan civilization 
Etruscan Art and Architecture -  Etruscan Art more info below in the section on Art.
  The Etruscans - Etruscan Sea Power and Mediterranean Commerce
Rome: The Roman Kingdom
  The Rise of Ancient Rome 
  Etruscans on the Web
  Prehistoric Peoples of the Italian Peninsula
  Rome and the Sea: The Role of the Mediterranean in the Development of a Mighty Empire
  The Early Iron Age in Italy and Sicily 
  Peoples of Italy
  Rome: The Land and Peoples
  Rome: The Conquest of Italy
  Rome: The Roman Kingdom
  Latium and the Beginnings of Rome
  Archaeological Evidence For Early Rome/Italy
  Chronology of Early Rome
  Magna Graecia: Greek Colonies in Italy
  Early Kings
  The Monarchy and the Emerging Roman Government
  The Gauls Sack Rome and Rome's Allies in Italy Revolt (390 - 338 B. C.)
  Roman Expansion in Italy and The Dissolution of the Latin League
  The Second and Third Samnite Wars
  War with King Pyrrhus and the Conquest of Southern Italy
    Roman Government and Laws: The Kings of Early Rome
  Rome: The Conquest of the Hellenistic Empires   


THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
TIMELINE: Roman Republic: 753-31 BC 
  TIMELINE: The End of the Roman Republic, 149-31 BC
  Ancient Rome Government 
  Government in the Roman Republic and the Empire
  Roman Government and Laws: A Quick Look at Governments In Classical Times
  Roman Government and Laws: The Roman Senate
  Roman Government and Laws: Evolution of the Roman Government During the Early Republic
  Rome: The Republic
  Constitution of the Early Republic - The Twelve Tables
  Roman Provinces 
  Rome before Augustus 
  Roman History 
  Birth of the Roman Republic - History of the Roman Empire 
  Late Roman Republic - History of the Roman Empire 
    The Roman Republic 
  The Roman Republic 
  Republican Rome, 509-31BC
The Romans: 114 BC - 27 AD - THE AGE OF SOCIAL REFORM
  Rome: Republic to Empire 
  Roman Government and Laws: The Roman Senate
  Political Offices in the Roman Republic 
Notes on Roman Politics  
  The Political Hierarchy  
  Rome: The Crisis of the Republic
  The Roman Revolution 
  The Roman Republic - Magistrates - The Roman Republic - Consuls
  The Roman Republic - 1st and 2nd Triumvirates
   The First Triumvirate
  Leaders and Battles of First Triumvirate, Wars of the (Great Roman Civil War) 
The Second Triumvirate
  Leaders and Battles of Second Triumvirate, Wars of the (Roman Civil War) 
  Significance of the Gracchi
The Temporary Monarchy of Sulla
Significance of Sulla
Roma - The Republic
  The Second Triumvirate Dissolves 
  Consuls of the Roman Republic 
  HWC - Ancient - Secondary readings - Great Stuff! 
    The Rise of Rome
   Rome from Golden Age to Political Chaos 
   Fall of the Roman Republic
  Fall of the Roman Republic and Caesar, to 14 CE 
More on the "Fall" in the next section on Julius Caesar.  

JULIUS CAESAR
The Julius Caesar Site
  Rome: Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar - SUPER! 
  Julius Caesar: Historical Background 
   The Landings of Caesar in Britain, 55 and 54 BC - More on Caesar's military command in the warfare section below.
Julius Caesar's War Commentaries 
  Marcus Antonius
  Antony and Cleopatra
  The Battle of Actium
    The Houses of Caesar, Mark Antony, and Cleopatra  
  Antony, Octavian, Cleopatra: the end of the Roman Republic 
  Fall of the Roman Republic and Caesar, to 14 CE
  Fall of the Roman Republic
  The Empire begins....check below.  

ROMAN LAW
Did you know? It was the custom in Ancient Rome for the men to place their right hand on their testicles when taking an oath. The modern term 'testimony' is derived from this tradition.
Ancient Rome Government 
  Roman Law
   Roman Law: Questions and Answers
  Ancient Roman Laws 
  Constitution of the Early Republic
  The Twelve Tables - 450 BC: The Twelve Tables - from DUHAIME'S LEGAL MUSEUM 
Ancient History Sourcebook: The Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE
Justinian's Code 
Legal Status of Women in the Roman World 
  Roman Law: Homepage
    Ancient Rome: Roman History and Government
    Web links for Western Legal Tradition   

ROMAN COINS & ECONOMY
History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day 
  Ancient Roman Economy - for much more, check just below for Economy & Trade 
  Chronology of Money 
  The Ancients First Use of Money - What Functions Does Money Perform in Economic Systems, Both Ancient and Modern? - A Few Different Economic Systems in History
  Jay's Roman History, Coins and Technology Site - Glossary of Coin Terms and Other Useful Information
Collecting Roman Coins - Collecting Roman Coins: A Gallery of Reverse Images and What They Symbolize - The Imperial Post - Roman Coins and Coin Collecting
   Roman Money, Weights and Measures 
  Roman Coins
  Coins of the Roman Emperors
    Denominations of Ancient Roman and Medieval Byzantine Coins
  Virtual Catalog of Roman Coins Homepage 
   Eight Hundred Years of Roman Coinage
Ancient Roman and Greek Coins 
  Roman Coins and Roman History 
     *** The House of Ptolemy: Ptolemaic and Roman Egyptian Numismatics ***   

ROMAN TRADE & ECONOMY
  Ancient Roman Economy
  The Roman Economy
  CLICKABLE MAP: Trade in the Roman Empire
  Roman Taxes
  The Roman Economy: Inflation
  Roman Trade Routes
  Ancient Rome and Trade
  Trade Goods in the Roman Empire
  Trade between the Romans and the Empires of Asia
  Trade between Arabia and the Empires of Rome and Asia
  Trade Routes between Europe and Asia during Antiquity
  The First Contact Between Rome and China - SILK ROAD CHRONOLOGY - The silkroad foundation
  Ancient Ships: The Ships of Antiquity
  Roman Slaves - For more on slavery in Rome, check out the section on Slavery below.
  The Roman Empire from Bad Politics to Economic Ruin: 96 to 250 CE
  The Later Roman Empire: Good Money, Bad Money, and Runaway Inflation
  The Later Roman Empire: Diocletian Reforms the Money System and the Coinage
Information on Roman Transportation & Roads can be found in the Daily Life section below.  

THE ROMAN EMPIRE
INTERACTIVE DIAGRAM: Why were the Romans successful Empire builders? 
  Roman Empire -  Ancient Rome Government - SUPER!
  BBC - History: Romans
  Roman Empire: 509 BC-AD 1453
   HWC, The Julio-Claudians and Roman Emperors - The Imperial Index - much more on specific Emperors available below in the section on the Emperors.
  Roman Provinces 
  HWC, Study Guide - The Roman Empire - HWC - Ancient - Secondary readings 
  UNRV History - Roman Empire 
  Rome and Romania, Roman Emperors, Byzantine Emperors, etc. 
  Early Empire 
     Travel Throughout the Roman Empire 
  The First Caesars 
  Rome: Imperial Rome
   Octavian Returns to Rome
Imperator
Caesar Augustus 
The Reign of Augustus
   Augustus Caesar and the Pax Romana 
   Augustus Caesar
  BBC - The Official Truth: Propaganda in the Roman Empire
  Relations with Foreign Communities - Roman Territorial Expansion - Cities and Provinces of the Roman Empire
  Second Century Trends
  Rome: The Age of Augustus
  Rome at its Height
   PBS: The Roman Empire in the First Century
   Roman Empire and Dictatorship
Rome from Golden Age to Political Chaos 
  The Political Hierarchy 
   Britannia: Index: Roman Britain
   The Later Roman Empire 
  The Later Roman Emperors
  Later Emperors 
  Rome: The Late Empire
  The Late Roman Empire: The Crisis of the Third Century
  Rome: The Calamitious Century, 180-284 AD
  The Barracks Emperors - Rebellions and Breakaway Empires - The Tetrarchy - Abdication by Roman Emperors - The Final Division of the Empire into East and West - A New Empire -- The World of Late Antiquity From Diocletian - An Increasingly Remote and Deified Emperor
  The Later Roman Empire: Good Money, Bad Money, and Runaway Inflation
  The Decline and Fall of Rome
  Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
   Gibbon: General Observations
Why Rome Fell
The End of the Roman Empire Revisited
   ROME'S ECONOMIC DECLINE 
  The So-called Dark Ages
How Excessive Government Killed Ancient Rome
  The Roman Empire Declines and Disintegrates
Remnants of the Roman Empire
  First Barbarian Invasions - Goths Enter and Settle Within the Roman Empire
  The Greatest Invasion sweeps across Gaul; the Visigoths burn Rome   

WAR AND WARFARE
MAPS: Imperial Battle Map Index 
  TIMELINE: Major Battles in Roman History 
GLOSSARY: Roman Military Terms 
GLOSSARY: Roman Military Sites in Britain
  CLASS 365: Relations with Foreign Communities - Roman Territorial Expansion - Cities and Provinces of the Roman Empire
  The Roman Army - Super!
A legionary's Basic Equipment - Roman Army Units - Starving a City Into Submission With Siege Tactics - Sherman Tank - Roman Style 
  The Roman Army in Britain
  Imperial Battle Description Index 
  Roman Military - SUPER!!! 
  The Roman Army Page 
Illustrated Ancient History: a history of the ROMAN LEGIONS
  THE ROMANS: 262 BC - 113 BC - CONQUEST OF THE MEDITERRAENEAN
   Rome: Weapons/Arms/Warfare/Tactics 
  Leaders and Battles of First Triumvirate, Wars of the (Great Roman Civil War)
  Leaders and Battles of Second Triumvirate, Wars of the (Roman Civil War)  
  The Roman Army 
  The Legacy of the Horse in History - check out the section on the Roman Empire.
  Roman Armor And Military Dress
  Roman Swords
  The Roman Army in the Late Republic and Early Empire, Part I and Part II 
  The Command Structure
   Roman Military Forts and Camps
Ancient Rome: The Roman Military
  Enemies of the Roman Empire
   Hannibal - Carthage
   HWC, The Punic Wars - Between First and Second Punic Wars - Second Punic War - Punic Wars
The Roman Navy - The Roman Navy: The First and Second Illyrian Wars, and incidental operations 
Ancient Roman Navy - The Ships of Antiquity - Roman Galleons - Parts of a Roman Warship - Roman Warships - The Basic naval Tactic of Ramming
    This Way to the Northern Frontier: Tribes and Romans in Northern Britain  
     Britannia: Index: Roman Britain 
      The Landings of Caesar in Britain, 55 and 54 BC - For more on Julius Caesar, see his own section above.
Hadrian's Wall World Heritage Site 
  The Later Roman Empire: First Barbarian Invasions - The Later Roman Empire: Goths Enter and Settle Within the Roman Empire - Rome is Sacked by the Visigoths - THE ORIGIN AND DEEDS OF THE GOTHS
  Chronology of the 5th century invasions
The Barbarians - For more on the so-called "barbarians," drop by my Western Civilization page.
Tribal Migrations: Germanic Tribes Fight Rome - Germanic Invasions - German Tribes org Germanic Tribe Migrations - The Germanic Tribes and Migrations
  The Geography of Roman Gaul - Frankish Empire - The Rise of the Franks 
  Digging Up the Romans
  Boadicea -- Queen of the Iceni - ExxonMobil Masterpiece Theatre | Warrior Queen
   The Celts and the Holy Roman Empire - Interactive Map of the Roman Empire and Celtic Lands - Celts Against the Empire - Pictish Nation 
  SUCCESSORS OF ROME: GERMANIA, FRANCIA, & RUSSIA, 395-1945
Roman Presence in Spain - Espaρa Romana/Roman Spain 
The House of Ptolemy: Imperial Rome in Egypt 
  Julius Caesar's War Commentaries
    Wars between the Romans and the Jews I: first engagements, and Part II
     Roman Reenactment Groups 
    BBC - History - Virtual Tour of the Roman Housesteads Fort  

ROMAN EMPERORS
Roman Emperor List
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
Roman Emperors - The Imperial Index 
Roman Emperors - DIR Alphabetic Emperor Index
DIR Index of Imperial Stemmata of Roman Emperors - Family Trees
  Quick Index of Emperors and Empresses
    A Visual Compendium of Roman Emperors
  The Throne of the Caesars: The Emperors
EMPERORS OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE 
    HWC, The Julio-Claudians
Augustan Timeline - The Augustan Age - Augustus Caesar
  Later Emperors 
  The Emperor Diocletian: 284-305 
Constantine the Great
   Hadrian's Wall World Heritage Site
   Augustine Influences Christianity
  Christian Emperors, Persia and the Fall of Rome
  Imperial Cult - The Official Truth: Propaganda in the Roman Empire
Decadence, Rome and Romania, and the Emperors Who Weren't 
Crazy Caesars of Rome - Caligula (12-41), Nero (37-68), Domitian of Rome (51-96), Elagabalus (204-222) 
  The Roman Empire: in the First Century. Special Features. Emperor of Rome Game
  The Roman Empire: in the First Century. Special Features. Quiz: Who Are You? 

WOMEN & DAILY LIFE
GENERAL & COMPREHENSIVE SITES ON DAILY LIFE IN ROME
  Rome: Daily Life 
  Johnston's Private Life of the Romans: Table of Contents
  PBS: The Roman Empire in the First Century - Life in Roman Times 
  BBC - History: Romans
  Daily Life in Ancient Rome
  Roman Culture 
Ancient Rome: Daily Life
     A Brief Social History of the Roman Empire 
  Roman Society
Roma - Society 
Private Life of the Romans: Table of Contents
Roman Material Culture
  Life in the Roman Empire
  BBC - Social Pecking Order in the Roman World
  Behind the Name: Ancient Roman Names  

ROMAN WOMEN, MOTHERS, FATHERS, CHILDREN & FAMILY
Johnston's Private Life of the Romans: Table of Contents
  BBC - Romans - Families and Children
  Roman Society: The Father of the Roman Family
Diotima: Women & Gender in the Ancient World
  Internet Women's History Sourcebook - ROME 
  Women in Roman Society
  Roman Women: Following the Clues
  The Women of the Caesars/Woman and marriage in Ancient Rome
  Ancient Rome for Kids - Status of Women
  Roles of Men, Women, and Children in Rome
  Women In Ancient Rome
  WOMEN IN ANCIENT ROME
  Ancient Roman Women: A Look at Their Lives - women's rights, Rome, citizenship
  DOWRY AND BRIDE PRICE
  Roman Marriage Laws: Corpus Iuris Civilis - Marriage - Roman Marriage 
  The Greek and Roman Wedding, U. of Saskatchewan 
Women demonstrate and obtain repeal of the Oppian law
Marriage in Ancient Rome   
   MIDWIVES AND MATERNITY CARE IN ANCIENT ROME - Ancient Gynecology
   Roman Social Order - Women
Women on Roman Coins
   What the Roman Lady Wears
Religion in the Home
  Family Values in Ancient Rome 
  The Roman Virtues 
  Republican Roman Names - Choosing a Roman name - Roman Nomenclature - Behind the Name: Ancient Roman Names
Philosophers on the Role of Women 
  Legal Status of Women in the Roman World 
Primary Documents on Women's Lives in Greece & Rome  

ROMAN FOOD & FARMING
Antique Roman Dishes - Collection - Food and Recipes of the Ancient Romans
  The Ancient Roman Diet: Typical Food and Ingredients Used in Roman Cookery 
A Taste of the Ancient World: Greco-Roman eating, drinking, & farming
  Roman Food 
   Roman Cuisine: Basic Food For Ordinary people
Roman Cuisine: Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread
  Food in Roman Britain - food eaten by different Roman classes in Britain
  LacusCurtius • The Roman Baker (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)
  Food in Antiquity, U. of Saskatchewan  
Age, Gender and Status Divisions at Mealtime in the Roman House
  Roman Byzantine Food  
   More on Ancient Food at my Food page.

ROMAN HOMES
Roman House
  The Roman Home 
   Diagram of a Roman House
  A Roman House
  ancient roman housing - homes
   Life in Pompeii 
   Roman House Sources
  Age, Gender and Status Divisions at Mealtime in the Roman House 
   More info on Roman Architecture below in the section on Art.

THE BATHS & PLUMBING
Roman Baths Home Page
  Role of Social Bathing in Classical Rome 
  NOVA Online | Secrets of Lost Empires | Roman Bath
  Roman Baths 
The Hadrianic Baths at Leptis Magna
Ancient Rome - Baths
The Soap Factory - History and Techniques of Soap and Soapmaking
  The History of Plumbing - Pompeii & Herculaneum
The History of Plumbing - Roman and English Legacy
   More info on Roman Architecture below in the sections on Engineering and Art.

ROMAN CLOTHING
Roman Clothing, Part I and Part II 
   Ancient Roman Clothing
Diotima: Glossary of Roman Clothing
   Ancient Roman Clothing 
  Ancient Roman Costume 
  Ancient Roman Clothing
  Roman Clothing
  Roman Clothing - History for Kids!
  Ancient Roman Clothing (Men) - Ancient Roman Clothing (Women)  
  Roman Dress 
  How to Make a Roman Toga
DRESS AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS
  Ancient Roman Accessories
  Women's Hairstyles - Western Roman Women's Hairstyles - Byzantine Hairstyles and Headdressing
  ON THE PAINTING OF THE FACE 
  The Roman Makeover
    Ancient Roman Costume Links at The Costumer's Manifesto 
  Greek and Roman Costume, U. of Saskatchewan 
More info can be found on my History of Fashion webpage.

ROMAN HEALTH & MEDICINE
INTERACTIVE DIAGRAM: Roman Public Health
  INTERACTIVE DIAGRAM: Roman Medicine
  Antiqua Medicina: From Homer to Vesalius | www.hsl.virginia.edu
   Roman Sanitation - Antiqua Medicina: sanitation
   Public health in Ancient Rome
  How did public fountains, like those in Rome work? 
  English and Roman Plumbing History
      Medicine in Ancient Rome - from History of Medicine 
  Roman Medicine - Surgery - Doctors - Medication 
  Claudius Galen 
   Antiqua medicina: Etruscan and Roman Medicine
Antiqua Medicina: Surgery 
Antiqua Medicina: The Doctor in Roman Society
  Medicine Through Time - Ancient Rome 
  History of Medicine 

TRADE & ECONOMY
Ancient Roman Economy
  Roman Taxes
  Roman Coins
  Roman Weights and Measures 
  Trade Goods in the Roman Empire 
  Ancient Rome and Trade
  Roman Slaves
  Trade Routes between Europe and Asia during Antiquity
  MAP: Roman Trade Routes
  For MUCH more on Roman Economy, check the ROMAN COINS section above.

ROMAN RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY
BBC - Roman Religion Gallery 
Roman Religion 
   Roman Mythology  
Ancient Rome: Roman Religion
  more on Roman Religion
  Religion in the Home
  Cosmic Mystery of Mithras: Mithraism - Ancient Religion - EAWC Essay: Mithraism - The Ecole Initiative: Mithraism
  Roman Philosophy [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
  Hellenistic / Roman Religion & Philosophy 
VIA ROMANA: Philosophy
For more info, check out the section on Judiasm and Christianity in the Roman Empire below. More links on Roman Mythology can be found on my Myth page.
For more on Philosophy, check out my General Ancient History page.

ROMAN EDUCATION
Roman Society: The Education of the Young Roman
  Poets, Writers, and Historians
  Definition of Latin alphabet 
  Evolution of Latin Characters
  Latin and Greek Word Elements 
  First Europe Tutorial - Latin and Vernaculars 
    Roman Numerals and Handy Roman numeral converter 
  Roman Weights and Measures 
  Education in Antiquity, U. of Saskatchewan 
   More on Roman Education below.

ROMAN ENTERTAINMENT
Leisure and Entertainment 
  Didaskalia - Introduction to Roman Stagecraft
  Roman Theatre
  Roman Theaters
   Greco-Roman Theater Glossary
  Roman Theatre Index
  Ancient Theatre Virtual Reality Tour / Ancient Theatres  
  Roman Musical Instruments 
  Roman and Byzantine Theatre and Drama 
  Roman New Comedy, Univ. of Saskatchewan 
For much more, check out the sections on this page about Roman Baths, Fun & Games, & Theater.

ROMAN LIFE EXPECTANCY & FUNERALS
A Roman Funeral
Cremation in a Roman Port Town
Tombs and Funerals
   Roman Life Expectancy 
  Ancient Rome - Catacombs
  THE CHRISTIAN CATACOMBS OF ROME  
  CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Roman Catacombs  

POMPEII
BBC - Work and Play in Everyday Pompeii - BBC - Pompeii Art and Architecture Gallery - BBC - Pompeii: Portents of Disaster
Pompeii, AD 79 - Humanities-Interactive.org 
  POMPEII FORUM PROJECT
Centre for Roman Studies: Pompeii Interim Report
The History of Plumbing - Pompeii & Herculaneum
Pompeii History 
  Life in Pompeii  

SLAVERY IN ROME
MADDEN: Roman Slavery
Slave Trade - The Roman Slave Trade
  Roman Slavery; roman history, roman civilization
   Roman Slavery - Roman Slavery - Roman Slaves - Slavery at the time of the Romans
  Historical Background for Spartacus - SPARTACUS AND A DECLINE IN SLAVERY - Spartacus 

FUN & GAMES:
THE CIRCUS MAXIMUS AND THE COLISSEUM
BBC - The Colosseum: Building the Arena of Death - BBC - The Colosseum: Emblem of Rome
   Gladiator - The British Museum - BBC - Gladiators: Heroes of the Roman Amphitheater - Gladiator - Gladiatorial Games - Roman Colosseum - Roman Coliseum Facts - The Colosseum.net : The resourceful site on the Colosseum
  BBC - Gladiator: Dressed to Kill Game
   Circus - The Roman Racetrack Arena - Circus and the Circus Maximus - History House: Circus Maximus: Rome's Astrodome - AncientSites Tour:Circus Maximus - Rome: Circus Maximus
  Chariot Racing 
     Roman Ball Games - Roman Board Games
  More info on Roman Architecture below in the section on Art & Architecture. 

ROMAN CALENDAR & HOLIDAYS
Roman Calendar - Early Roman Calendar | Calendars - Roman Calendar - Roman Calendar
  Days of the Roman Week
  Roman Festivals & Holidays - ROMAN FESTIVALS AND GAMES
  For more info on the calendar and holidays, visit my Maps, Flags, Timelines page!

ROMAN ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY, & TRANSPORTATION
Ancient Roman Technology Home 
Mr. Dowling's Roman Technology Page  
  Roman Engineering
  Engineering in the Roman World
  The Influence of Roman Engineering and Architecture  
  LacusCurtius • Roman Waterworks and Hydraulic Engineering
Ancient Rome - Buildings   
Rome: Construction Principles
Roman Road Network 
  Roman Roads - Roman Road Construction - Roman Road Chart
  Roman Roads 
    LacusCurtius - Codrington's Roman Roads in Britain
  Transportation: Roman Roads and Land Transportation
   Transportation in the Roman World 
  Travel Throughout the Roman Empire
     WATERS OF ROME FRONT PAGE 
  Ancient Roman Aqueducts - Roman Aqueducts 
  The history of Roman Walls - Roman Walls
  BRICK IN ROMAN ANTIQUITY - ITALY 
The great builders 
  Roman Arch and Columns - Roman Arch 
  Pantheon 
  Arch of Constantine - Rome, Italy - Great Buildings Online 
  Arch of Severus - Rome, Italy - Great Buildings Online
Trajan's Column
   Ancient Rome: Landmarks and Geography
   Roma - Architecture
  Roma - City Design 
   Roman Baths - more info above in the Daily Life/Plumbing & Baths section.  

ROMAN EDUCATION, LITERATURE, AND LATIN
Roman Society: The Education of the Young Roman
  Poets, Writers, and Historians
Evolution Alphabet from the Phoenician to Latin Characters 
  First Europe Tutorial - Latin and Vernaculars 
Definition of Latin alphabet
  Latin Phrases 
  Internet Links for AP Latin 
  Latin Language Resources 
  Perseus Digital Library 
   Hypatia 
  Roman Weights and Measures 
Roman Numerals and Handy Roman numeral converter 
  Historians
  Ancient Rome: Intellectual Arts 
   For more on Roman literature, check out my General Ancient History and Literature and Drama pages. 

ROMAN ART & ARCHITECTURE
    TIMELINE: Ancient Art History
    The Influence of Roman Engineering and Architecture 
   ART HISTORY RESOURCES: Ancient Rome 
  Greek and Roman Art in the Ancient World
  Italian Peninsula, 1–500 A.D. | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
  First Europe Tutorial - Art and Architecture 
    Roman Architecture
  Ancient Rome - Buildings 
  Roman Glass Introduction - Roman Glass: A Window on an Ancient World
NOVA | Lost Roman Treasure | PBS - Ancient Roman Mosaics - The history of mosaic art - Ancient Rome for Kids - Roman Mosaics, Making Mosaics
  Roman Painting | Thematic Essay - Ancient Roman Paintings - History Fresco Paintings - Ancient Fresco Painting - History for Kids!
ArtLex on Etruscan Art 
  Etruscan Art -  Etruscan Art. More info in section on Early Rome above. 
  Art Recognition: The Classical Period
  Roman Art Images
    Learning to Read Rome's Ruins
     Roman Art & Architecture - some super images (click on Study Images). 
  Monuments of Ancient Rome 
   Rome: Construction Principles
Roman Arch and Columns 
   Arch of Constantine - Rome, Italy - Great Buildings Online 
  Arch of Severus - Rome, Italy - Great Buildings Online 
History of Roman Architecure 
   Ancient Roman Architecture - Great Buildings Online 
  History of Roman Architecture : Pantheon No.1 
   Roma - Arts and Literature
  Roman Portrait Sculpture: Republican through Constantinian - Roman Portrait Sculpture: The Stylistic Cycle 
  Art and Propaganda in Ancient Rome - BBC - The Official Truth: Propaganda in the Roman Empire
    Roman Colosseum - Roman Coliseum Facts - The Colosseum.net : The resourceful site on the Colosseum - The Colosseum Rome; Virtual Reality Image.
  Pantheon Rome; Virtual Reality Image - Pantheon 
  Piazza di Pietra, Rome 
  Roman Forum - Ancient Rome: The Roman Forum
Roman Baths - For more, check out the Daily Life section above.
  Catacombs  
   Roman Architecture:Past and Present
    The Roman cities 
Capitolium.org - Imperial Forums Official Website 
  Byzantine Art -  Byzantine Art in the Reign of Justinian - Later Byzantine Architecture and Painting - Also, check out the section on the Byzantine Empire below.
Roman dance
  Roman Musical Instruments 
  Virtual ROMA - Main Index
    For more, drop by my Art & Galleries and Art by Period pages! 

ROMAN CLASSICS AND DRAMA
CLICK General Ancient and Literature and Drama.

ROMAN MYTHOLOGY
CLICK Myth, Legend, Folklore, Ghosts

JUDEA, THE JEWS, & EARLY CHRISTIANITY
TIMELINE: Main Events In The History Of Jerusalem 
MAP: Israel and Judah to 733 BCE
  MAP: The Major Cities and Regions of Ancient Israel
  Jerusalem in the First Temple Period (1006-586 BCE) - Second Temple Period (536 BCE -- 70 AD)
  The New Jerusalem Mosaic
  The Hebrews - The Torah
  TIMELINE: The Old Testament 
  Old Testament Life and Literature
  Hebrew language, alphabet and pronunciation
  Internet Jewish History Sourcebook
  Scrolls from the Dead Sea (Library of Congress Exhibition) - Dead Sea -- Intro - Dead Sea Scrolls - Qumran Library
  TIMELINE: Christianity 
  Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Christian Origins
  The Ecole Initiative: Early Church History on the Web
  Early Church Fathers | Christian Classics Ethereal Library
MAP: Judaea, Galilee, Idumaea 
Articles on first century Judaea 
  PBS: Heritage: Civilization and the Jews 
  Ancient History Sourcebook: Religious Tolerance and Intolerance, c. 204 BCE
  Ancient History Sourcebook: Roman Perceptions of Christians
  Jews and Christians in Rome's Golden Age 
  WOMEN IN ANCIENT ISRAEL
Wars between the Romans and the Jews, Part I and Part II 
    Mithraism & Christianity 
BBC - Christianity and the Roman Empire
  The Rise of Christianity 
  Christianity as a Cultural Revolution 
   BBC - Lost and Hidden Christianity
  BBC - The Pagan Shadow of Christ? 
  Pliny and Trajan on the Christians 
  Augustine Influences Christianity
Early Christianity - Contents
Christians and Rome
frontline: from jesus to christ - the first christians
  SECRETS OF THE DEAD . The Tomb of Christ | PBS
ORIGIN OF CHRISTIANITY and JUDAISM
women in ancient christianity
   Guide to Early Church Documents
  Diocletian: Edicts Against The Christians 
  Paul of Tarsus: Maps Related to His Life
  Constantine Converts to Christianity
Constantine I: Laws for Christians 
  Constantinople Becomes Capital of a Christian Empire - For more on the Byzantine Empire, check out the section just below.
THE CHRISTIAN CATACOMBS OF ROME
     Grave Art: Early Christian Tombs and Figures of Mourning
The Justinian Code and the Catholic Faith. 
   Christian Emperors, Persia and the Fall of Rome 
  The Church Fathers: St. Jerome and St. Augustine 
  from jesus to christ: why did christianity succeed?: the rise of christianity
  A History of Christian Art Home - Early Christian - Early Christian Art - Early Christian art and architecture Facts, information, pictures - For more on Christian Influence on Art, check out specific time periods on my Table of Contents page.
More info can be found on my Religions page. 

After the fall of Rome and the Western Empire.....the Eastern Empire of the BYZANTINES Thrived
TIMELINE: Byzantine Empire
  TIMELINE: Byzantine Empire 
  TIMELINE: Byzantium 
  MAPS: ByzNet
  Byzantine Art | Thematic Essays
  A New Empire - The World of Late Antiquity From Diocletian
  The Final Division of the Roman Empire into East and West
  A New Capital For a New Empire
  The Nika Revolt and the Courage of an Empress
  The Roman-Byzantine Period 
  Byzantium (ca. 330–1453)
  EMPERORS OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE - Eastern Roman Emperors - List of Rulers of Byzantium - Byzantine Emperors List
The Byzantine Empire 
  Byzantine Civilization 
  The Reign of Justinian, 527-565 - The Byzantine State under Justinian 
  The Byzantine Empire 330-1204 - The Byzantine Empire 1204 - 1268: The Nicean Empire
  Sassanids vs Byzantines
  The Byzantine Loss at Manzikert
  Hagia Sophia, 532–37
  Byzantine Art in the Reign of Justinian - Byzantine Icons and Manuscript Illumination - Later Byzantine Architecture and Painting
Roman Byzantine Info
Photos of Constantinople - History of Byzantium
  Constantinople - Capital Of The Byzantine Empire - All Empires
  ByzNet Byzantine Studies on the Net
  Constantine Converts to Christianity 
    The Amazing Ancient World - Premier Ancient Civilization Internet Book - Super sites on Byzantium can be found here!
  Byzantine Architecture Project 
  Byzantium Faith and Power 1261–1557
  The Glory of Byzantium - Metropolitan Museum of Art - The Glory of Byzantium  
  The Byzantine Empire
The House of Ptolemy: Byzantine Egypt
  Byzantine coinage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 
  Byzantine Coins Home Page - Byzantine Coins 950 - 1204AD 
   Rome and Romania, 27 BC-1453 AD 
  Roman Byzantine Food 
  Byzantine Hairstyles and Headdressing
  Byzantine Recipes
More on what was to become part of the Ottoman Empire can be found on my Non-Western Cultures cultures page.

MISC. ROMAN SITES
BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Death in Rome
  BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Gladiator: Dressed to Kill Game
  BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Housesteads Fort
  BBC GAME - Roman Sacrificial Blade - CDX
  The Amazing Ancient World - BRIDGES BETWEEN CULTURES 
  Roma - Important Neighbors
Secrets of the Dead . The Great Fire of Rome | PBS
Parthian Empire - History and Coins of Ancient Parthia 
   Roman Numerals and Handy Roman numeral converter
Articles on ancient Carthage 
Lepcis Magna - Window on the Roman World in North Africa
   ROMARCH--Britannia
  First Europe Tutorial - Frankish Empire 
  List of films based on Greco-Roman mythology
  Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Ancient Rome in the Movies 

FOR MORE INFO, CHECK OUT:
General Ancient History
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Greece
River Valley Civilizations
Myth, Legend, Folklore, Ghosts
Western Civilization - for info on more recent history of Rome and Italy.